Webb Space Telescope Captures North Ecliptic Pole – Studded With Galactic Diamonds

NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has captured one of the first medium-deep wide-field images of the cosmos, featuring a region of the sky known as the North Ecliptic Pole. The image, which accompanies a paper published on December 14 in the Astronomical Journal, is from the Prime Extragalactic Areas for Reionization and Lensing Science (PEARLS) GTO program.

“Medium-deep” refers to the faintest objects that can be seen in this image, which are about 29^th magnitude (1 billion times fainter than what can be seen with the unaided eye), while “wide-field” refers to the total area that will be covered by the program, about one-twelfth the area of the full moon. The image is comprised of eight different colors of near-infrared light captured by Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam), augmented with three colors of ultraviolet and visible light from the Hubble Space Telescope.

This beautiful color image unveils in unprecedented detail and to exquisite depth a universe full of galaxies to the furthest reaches, many of which were previously unseen by Hubble or the largest ground-based telescopes, as well as an assortment of stars within our own Milky Way galaxy. The NIRCam observations will be combined with spectra obtained with Webb’s Near-Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS), allowing the team to search for faint objects with spectral emission lines, which can be used to estimate their distances more accurately.

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We asked members of the PEARLS team that created this image to share their thoughts and reactions while analyzing this field:

“For over two decades, I’ve worked with a large international team of scientists to prepare our Webb science program,” said Rogier Windhorst, Regents Professor at Arizona State University (ASU) and PEARLS principal investigator. “Webb’s images are truly phenomenal, really beyond my wildest dreams. They allow me to measure the number density of galaxies shining to very faint infrared limits and the total amount of light they produce.”

“I was blown away by the first PEARLS images,” agreed Rolf Jansen, Research Scientist at ASU and a PEARLS co-investigator. “Little did I know, when I selected this field near the North Ecliptic Pole, that it would yield such a treasure trove of distant galaxies, and that we would get direct clues about the processes by which galaxies assemble and grow. I can see streams, tails, shells, and halos of stars in their outskirts, the leftovers of their building blocks.”

“The Webb images far exceed what we expected from my simulations in the months prior to the first science observations,” said Jake Summers, a research assistant at ASU. “Looking at them, I was most surprised by the exquisite resolution. There are many objects that I never thought we would actually be able to see, including individual globular clusters around distant elliptical galaxies, knots of star formation within spiral galaxies, and thousands of faint galaxies in the background.”

“The diffuse light that I measured in front of and behind stars and galaxies has cosmological significance, encoding the history of the universe,” said Rosalia O’Brien, a graduate research assistant at ASU. “I feel very lucky to start my career right now. Webb’s data is like nothing we have ever seen, and I’m really excited about the opportunities and challenges it offers.”

“I spent many years designing the tools to find and accurately measure the brightnesses of all objects in the new Webb PEARLS images, and to separate foreground stars from distant galaxies,” says Seth Cohen, a research scientist at ASU and a PEARLS co-investigator. “The telescope’s performance, especially at the shortest near-infrared wavelengths, has exceeded all my expectations, and allowed for unplanned discoveries.”

“The stunning image quality of Webb is truly out of this world,” agreed Anton Koekemoer, research astronomer at STScI, who assembled the PEARLS images into very large mosaics. “To catch a glimpse of very rare galaxies at the dawn of cosmic time, we need deep imaging over a large area, which this PEARLS field provides.”

“I hope that this field will be monitored throughout the Webb mission, to reveal objects that move, vary in brightness, or briefly flare up,” said Rolf. Added Anton: “Such monitoring will enable the discovery of time-variable objects like distant exploding supernovae and bright accretion gas around black holes in active galaxies, which should be detectable to larger distances than ever before.”

“This unique field is designed to be observable with Webb 365 days per year, so its time-domain legacy, area covered, and depth reached can only get better with time,” concluded Rogier.

About the Authors

• Rogier Windhorst is a Regents Professor in the School of Earth and Space Exploration (SESE) of the Arizona State University (ASU). He serves as one of six Webb Interdisciplinary Scientists worldwide, and is the principal investigator of the Prime Extragalactic Areas for Reionization and Lensing Science (PEARLS) program (program IDs 1176, 2738). The PEARLS team consists of nearly 100 scientists spread across 18 time zones worldwide.
• Rolf Jansen is a research scientist at ASU/SESE and PEARLS co-investigator. He selected the Webb North Ecliptic Pole Time Domain Field and led its development as a new community field for time-domain science with Webb, including the design of the NIRCam observations. He also is principal investigator of the Hubble images used in this color composite.
• Seth Cohen is a research scientist at ASU/SESE and a PEARLS co-investigator. He led software development and photometric calibration, and generated object catalogs for this field.
• Jake Summers is a research assistant at ASU/SESE, responsible for processing, organizing, and distributing the PEARLS data to the team, including the generation of initial mosaics and color composites.
• Rosalia O’Brien is a graduate research assistant at ASU/SESE, responsible for measuring diffuse light, and for reprocessing the Hubble images.
• Anton Koekemoer is a research astronomer at STScI, responsible for the astrometric alignment and combination of individual NIRCam detector images into the final PEARLS mosaics.
• Aaron Robotham is a professor at the University of Western Australia’s ICRAR, and was responsible for the detector-level post-processing of the NIRCam data.
• Christopher Willmer is a research astronomer at the University of Arizona’s Steward Observatory. A member of the NIRCam team, he helped develop the Webb North Ecliptic Pole Time Domain Field, and constructed camera artifacts templates.

Reference: “JWST PEARLS. Prime Extragalactic Areas for Reionization and Lensing Science: Project Overview and First Results” by Rogier A. Windhorst, Seth H. Cohen, Rolf A. Jansen, Jake Summers, Scott Tompkins, Christopher J. Conselice, Simon P. Driver, Haojing Yan, Dan Coe, Brenda Frye, Norman Grogin, Anton Koekemoer, Madeline A. Marshall, Rosalia O’Brien, Nor Pirzkal, Aaron Robotham, Russell E. Ryan Jr., Christopher N. A. Willmer, Timothy Carleton, Jose M. Diego, William C. Keel, Paolo Porto, Caleb Redshaw, Sydney Scheller, Stephen M. Wilkins, S. P. Willner, Adi Zitrin, Nathan J. Adams, Duncan Austin, Richard G. Arendt, John F. Beacom, Rachana A. Bhatawdekar, Larry D. Bradley, Tom Broadhurst, Cheng Cheng, Francesca Civano, Liang Dai, Hervé Dole, Jordan C. J. D’Silva, Kenneth J. Duncan, Giovanni G. Fazio, Giovanni Ferrami, Leonardo Ferreira, Steven L. Finkelstein, Lukas J. Furtak, Hansung B. Gim, Alex Griffiths, Heidi B. Hammel, Kevin C. Harrington, Nimish P. Hathi, Benne W. Holwerda, Rachel Honor, Jia-Sheng Huang, Minhee Hyun, Myungshin Im, Bhavin A. Joshi, Patrick S. Kamieneski, Patrick Kelly, Rebecca L. Larson, Juno Li, Jeremy Lim, Zhiyuan Ma, Peter Maksym, Giorgio Manzoni, Ashish Kumar Meena, Stefanie N. Milam, Mario Nonino, Massimo Pascale, Andreea Petric, Justin D. R. Pierel, Maria del Carmen Polletta, Huub J. A. Röttgering, Michael J. Rutkowski, Ian Smail, Amber N. Straughn, Louis-Gregory Strolger, Andi Swirbul, James A. A. Trussler, Lifan Wang, Brian Welch, J. Stuart B. Wyithe, Min Yun, Erik Zackrisson, Jiashuo Zhang, and Xiurui Zhao, 14 December 2022, The Astronomical Journal.
DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aca163