Popular COVID-19 Drug May Interact With Common Heart Medications

The review paper urges health systems to notify patients with heart disease who are using COVID-19 of potential drug interactions.

Patients with heart disease who have symptomatic COVID-19 are often treated with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (Paxlovid) to avoid progression to severe disease; however, it may interfere with several previously prescribed drugs. A review paper recently published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology investigates the possible drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between Paxlovid and routinely used cardiovascular medications, as well as potential methods to reduce severe side effects.

“Awareness of the presence of drug-drug interactions of Paxlovid with common cardiovascular drugs is key. System-level interventions by integrating drug-drug interactions into electronic medical records could help avoid related adverse events,” said Sarju Ganatra, MD, director of the cardio-oncology program at Lahey Hospital and Medical Center in Burlington, Massachusetts, and the senior author of the review.

“The prescription of Paxlovid could be incorporated into an order set, which allows physicians, whether it be primary care physicians or cardiology providers, to consciously rule out any contraindications to the co-administration of Paxlovid. Consultation with other members of the health care team, particularly pharmacists, can prove to be extremely valuable. However, a health care provider’s fundamental understanding of the drug-drug interactions with cardiovascular medications is key.”

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Dr. Ganatra discusses the potential drug-drug interactions between Paxlovid and commonly used cardiovascular medications. Credit: American College of Cardiology

Paxlovid was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for emergency use in December 2021 as an oral antiviral agent for the treatment of symptomatic, non-hospitalized people with mild to moderate COVID-19 infection who are at high risk of progressing to severe disease. Patients with heart disease and other risk factors, including as diabetes, high blood pressure, chronic kidney disease, and smoking, account for a significant proportion of the high-risk group for whom Paxlovid is useful.

Paxlovid, according to the authors, has been demonstrated to be extremely beneficial in patients with pre-existing heart disease, but it has considerable DDIs with routinely used cardiovascular drugs, emphasizing the importance of all doctors being familiar with these DDIs. Because clinical data on DDI-related adverse events is limited, the authors used existing knowledge and data on how therapies like Paxlovid typically interact with other medications to provide guidance on potential interactions and the associated likely consequences based on the degree of interaction.

The review provides an in-depth overview of a variety of cardiovascular medications used to treat many forms of heart disease. Five of the most important cardiovascular drug interactions with Paxlovid to be aware of include:

• Antiarrhythmic agents

  • Antiarrhythmic agents are used to manage abnormal heart rhythms. Many of these drugs are metabolized in a way that increases plasma levels when co-administered with Paxlovid. While it may be possible to start Paxlovid after 2-2.5-day temporary discontinuation of the antiarrhythmic agents, this may not be feasible from a practical standpoint. Clinicians are advised to consider alternative COVID-19 therapies and avoid co-administration of these agents with Paxlovid. Sotalol, another antiarrhythmic agent, is renally cleared and does not interact with Paxlovid.

• Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants

  • Antiplatelet agents are used for the treatment of coronary artery disease, particularly if a patient has received a stent. Aspirin and prasugrel are safe to co-administer with Paxlovid. There is an increased risk of blood clots when Paxlovid is given alongside clopidogrel and an increased risk of bleeding when given with ticagrelor. When possible, these agents should be switched to prasugrel. If patients have contraindication to taking prasugrel, then co-administration of Paxlovid should be avoided and alternative COVID-19 therapies should be considered.
  • Anticoagulants or blood thinners used to treat or prevent blood clots, such as warfarin may be co-administered with Paxlovid but require close monitoring of clotting factors in bloodwork. The plasma levels of all direct oral anticoagulants increase when co-administered with Paxlovid, therefore dose adjustment or temporary discontinuation and use of alternative anticoagulants may be required.

• Certain statins

  • Co-administration of simvastatin or lovastatin with Paxlovid can lead to increased plasma levels and subsequent muscle weakness (myopathy) and rhabdomyolysis, a condition in which the breakdown of muscle tissue releases a damaging protein into the bloodstream. These agents should be stopped prior to initiation of Paxlovid. A dose reduction of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin is reasonable when co-administered with Paxlovid. The other statins are considered safe when given along with Paxlovid.

• Ranolazine

  • Plasma concentration of ranolazine used to treat angina and other heart-related chest pain is exponentially increased in the presence of CPY450 inhibitors like Paxlovid, thereby increasing the risk of clinically significant QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (a type of arrhythmia). Co-administration of Paxlovid is therefore contraindicated. Temporary discontinuation of ranolazine is advised if prescribing Paxlovid.

• Immunosuppressive agents

  • The plasma levels of immunosuppressive agents prescribed for patients who have undergone heart transplantation exponentially rise to toxic levels when co-administered with Paxlovid. Temporary reduction of dosing of immunosuppressive agents would require frequent monitoring and be logistically difficult. Therefore, alternative COVID-19 therapies should be considered in these patients.

The authors conclude awareness and availability of other COVID-19 therapies enable clinicians to offer alternative treatment options to patients who are unable to take Paxlovid due to DDIs.

Reference: “Cardiovascular Drug Interactions With Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in Patients With COVID-19” by Sonu Abraham, Anju Nohria, Tomas G. Neilan, Aarti Asnani, Anu Mariam Saji, Jui Shah, Tara Lech, Jason Grossman, George M. Abraham, Daniel P. McQuillen, David T. Martin, Paul E. Sax, Sourbha S. Dani, and Sarju Ganatra, 12 October 2022, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.800