Cambridge Scientists Detect Signs of Dementia Nine Years Ahead of Diagnosis

Dementia could be detected nine years earlier.

Researchers from the University of Cambridge have shown that it is possible to identify indicators of brain impairment in individuals up to nine years before they are given a dementia-related disease diagnosis.

The researchers examined data from the UK Biobank and discovered impairment in a number of areas, including problem-solving and numerical recall, across a variety of conditions. The findings were reported in a study that was recently published in Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association.

The results suggest that in the future, at-risk individuals may be tested to help determine which ones may benefit from interventions to lower their chance of developing one of the conditions or to help identify people appropriate for enrollment in clinical trials for new treatments.

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For dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s disease, there are currently very few effective treatments available. This is due in part to the fact that these conditions are often only identified until symptoms appear, even though the underlying neurodegeneration may have started years or even decades before. This means that it could already be too late to change the course of the disease by the time people enroll in clinical trials.

Until now, it has been unclear whether it might be possible to detect changes in brain function before the onset of symptoms. To help answer this question, researchers at the University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust turned to UK Biobank, a biomedical database and research resource containing anonymized genetic, lifestyle, and health information from half a million UK participants aged 40-69.

As well as collecting information on participants’ health and disease diagnoses, UK Biobank collected data from a battery of tests including problem-solving, memory, reaction times, and grip strength, as well as data on weight loss and gain and on the number of falls. This allowed them to look back to see whether any signs were present at baseline – that is, when measurements were first collected from participants (between five and nine years prior to diagnosis).

People who went on to develop Alzheimer’s disease scored more poorly compared to healthy individuals when it came to problem-solving tasks, reaction times, remembering lists of numbers, prospective memory (our ability to remember to do something later on), and pair matching. This was also the case for people who developed a rarer form of dementia known as frontotemporal dementia.

People who went on to develop Alzheimer’s were more likely than healthy adults to have had a fall in the previous 12 months. Those patients who went on to develop a rare neurological condition known as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), which affects balance, were more than twice as likely as healthy individuals to have had a fall.

For every condition studied – including Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies – patients reported poorer overall health at baseline.

First author Nol Swaddiwudhipong, a junior doctor at the University of Cambridge, said: “When we looked back at patients’ histories, it became clear that they were showing some cognitive impairment several years before their symptoms became obvious enough to prompt a diagnosis. The impairments were often subtle but across a number of aspects of cognition. This is a step towards us being able to screen people who are at greatest risk – for example, people over 50 or those who have high blood pressure or do not do enough exercise – and intervene at an earlier stage to help them reduce their risk.”

Senior author Dr. Tim Rittman from the Department of Clinical Neurosciences at the University of Cambridge added: “People should not be unduly worried if, for example, they are not good at recalling numbers. Even some healthy individuals will naturally score better or worse than their peers. But we would encourage anyone who has any concerns or notices that their memory or recall is getting worse to speak to their GP.”

Dr. Rittman said the findings could also help identify people who can participate in clinical trials for potential new treatments. “The problem with clinical trials is that by necessity they often recruit patients with a diagnosis, but we know that by this point they are already some way down the road and their condition cannot be stopped. If we can find these individuals early enough, we’ll have a better chance of seeing if the drugs are effective.”

Reference: “Pre-diagnostic cognitive and functional impairment in multiple sporadic neurodegenerative diseases” by Nol Swaddiwudhipong, David J. Whiteside, Frank H. Hezemans, Duncan Street, James B. Rowe and Timothy Rittman, 12 October 2022, Alzheimer’s & Dementia.
DOI: 10.1002/alz.12802

The study was funded by the Medical Research Council with support from the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.